Petroleum Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Petroleum - Lab Report Example The compounds with lower boiling points rise faster and higher on the column while those with higher boiling points evaporate slower and do not reach the top of the tower (the vapours condense on the lower trays). The distillation process separates the constituents of the crude oil on the basis of their difference in their boiling point. Refinery gas, (methane, ethane, propane and butane) is removed as a composite gas mixture on the top of the column (Figure 1 and Table 1). The second fraction, naphtha/gasoline, boils in the range of 40-180oC. As the other fractions have higher boiling points, they collect on the lower trays. Cracking converts heavy fractions from the primary distillation into more useful compounds. For example, when C11H24 is cracked, C9H20 and C2H4 are obtained (Hill, G.C and Holman, J.C, 400-401). C9H20 can be used as gasoline, but more importantly C2H4 can be used as a starting material for the manufacture of products such as plastics, alcohol, diols etc. The cracking process also provides more useful branched-chain alkanes. Catalytic cracking is a process in which long chain alkanes are converted into hydrocarbons of lower molecular weights by the mediation of catalysts at fairly high temperatures. The catalysts normally consist of Al2O3-SiO2 mixtures (Brown, T.L, LeMay, H.E and Bursten, B.E., 947). 4. Platforming Platforming is a process in which linear alkanes are converted into aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, heptane can be converted into toluene in the presence of catalytic amount platinum (Hart, 103). 6 marks 4. The naphtha fraction from the primary distillation is a starting point of the Petrochemical Industry. List 3 useful chemicals that are made from this fraction stating the uses to which they are put. 6 marks Hexane: solvent and fuel Heptane: FuelOctane: Fuel 5. Briefly describe ONE potential source of damage to the environment caused by the Petroleum Industry. 4 marks Crude oil spillage is catastrophic for the environment. It is very rare that an oil tanker spills large quantities of crude oil, but when it does, a large area of the sea gets contaminated by the thick black fluid. Fish, birds, aquatic plants and even mammals living in affected areas suffer from a major oil spillage. Even though the spillage areas are cleaned, a good part of the crude oil remains in the affected areas during several years, which

Contemporary Leadership and the Challenges It Faces Essay

Contemporary Leadership and the Challenges It Faces - Essay Example The researcher states that an effective leader is one who is able to train, equip, select, influence his or her followers with diverse skills, abilities, and shape them to be effective workers to ensure that the organization achieves its goals and objectives. Leadership styles are changing rapidly to enable leaders to address the contemporary challenges. This essay aims at evaluating contemporary leadership and the challenges contemporary leaders face in luxury hotels. The current models of leadership include transformational, charismatic, and transactional. Transactional leadership model basis on service exchange for several types of rewards that leaders control. Transactional leaders are those who are able to determine the kinds of rewards that will motivate employees and enable them to meet their objectives and goals. On the other side, transformational leadership refers to the actions that transformative leaders create to empower participants who take part in the process. Transfo rmational leaders have the capability of bringing up significant change to his or her followers. That is, transformational leadership facilitates redefining of individuals’ goals and objectives, renew their dedications, and restructure their process of accomplishing their goals. A charismatic leader has supernatural powers over his or her subordinates. According to Conger and Kanungo, a charismatic leader is a leader who has extraordinary and profound impacts on his or her subordinates due to his or her personal abilities. The subordinate staff of a charismatic leader has loyalty and trust towards the values, visions, and characters of the leader. Charismatic leaders make use of their powers rather than positional powers to encourage subordinates to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives. According to contemporary leadership theories, current leaders should ensure the dynamic relationship between them and their collaborators for leading both parties to extreme levels of moral growth and development and motivation hence evoking â€Å"true† change in an organization.

Information communication technology

Information communication technology Resistance is Useless Introduction: Todays world or society is changing very fast with the help of ICT (Information Communication Technology). Everyday new technologies were developed to simplify the every days work, but there is a resistance to accept those new technologies among people. This is because of many people doesnt like the CHANGE because they dont like being changed. When change comes it brings resistance and fear to cope up with that or lose something valuable. Even many people could not understand how to use those new technologies or equipments. Many People have natural tendency to stuck with the way of work with whom they used to ,They often change and have faltering to change the way of work or equipments, Some people could not afford to adopt new technology or there is no support to demonstrate the way of   using new technology. In medical field every day new technique or method or equipments were introduced but many physician, nurses and medical personal   does not adopt these new technologies ins tead they continue working in there conventional way. New technologies are invented to reduce the work load as well as significantly improve the patient safety, patient satisfaction in the heath care system and also improve the hospital efficiency. As a example most of the hospital introduce the information database system where the hospital store all the information about the patients medical records, doctors information and all the staffs information about their education, salary, training etc. In medical field or can say in eHealth the amount of resistance for the new technologies or equipments are much larger than other fields. In eHealth new technologies or methods are for better health care and lowered the healthcare costs, but physician, nurses and medical personals are hesitated to adopt these at first time because they came from different background. Even sometime the researchers or developers in medical technologies run out of budget or get budget to go or pass the research stage because of medical personal are unresponsive to those technologies or equipments. Objectives What are the factors while designing a system? How a new system or technology will evaluate? What are the ways to convince the people or the organization staffs who will to use this system or technology? How would an organization introduce the new system or technology and prepare their employees to get the most of the system? What are the reasons behind these resistances to new technology and methods in health care? Discussions: Lecture 4 (slide 46,48) advantages disadvantages + Slide 32-37 (for evaluation) Slide 8 focusing on benefits Slide 24 slide 30 Old people are pessimistic of new technology for usability inconvenience Conclusion: It can be said that resistance is useless. Resistance is the biggest obstacle in developing new technology.   Not only resistance always create problem there are lots of other factor involving to create problem to develop new technology both in medical sector as well as in other sectors. Most of the people have natural tendency to create resistance to the new things because they have fear to change the way of doings jobs. In other since resistance is useful to some extent it helps the developer to develop the new technology in more efficient and user friendly way, So that the end user can get the most of the system. It is more important to have in mind while developing new technology for whom they are developing, in which situation and context the user will use this tools, As well as which task it will solve otherwise resistance will always come to adopt the new technology. Reference: Improve ICT systems in healthcaImprove by Dr. Isabella Scandurra [Ph.D] http://www.icup.org.uk/reports%5CICUP763.pdf http://www.bridges-to-technology.com/page26.html http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/6/1 http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/press/Press-Releases/press-release/8696c52c23d85210VgnVCM100000ba42f00aRCRD.htm http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/change_resistance.html http://www.schulersolutions.com/resistance_to_change.html

Essay --

A to Z Index | FAQs | About BLS | Contact Us Submit U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Follow Us Follow BLS on Twitter | What's New | Release Calendar | Site Map Search Home Subjects Data Tools Publications Economic Releases Students Beta OOH HOME | OCCUPATION FINDER | OOH FAQ | OOH GLOSSARY | A-Z INDEX | OOH SITE MAP | EN ESPAÑOL Occupational Outlook Handbook Healthcare > Athletic Trainers and Exercise Physiologists PRINTER-FRIENDLY Print EN ESPAÑOL Summary What They Do Work Environment How to Become One Pay Job Outlook Similar Occupations More Info Summary athletic trainers image Both athletic trainers and exercise physiologists can use various forms of physical activity to help patients overcome injuries or chronic health conditions. Quick Facts: Athletic Trainers and Exercise Physiologists 2012 Median Pay $42,690 per year $20.52 per hour Entry-Level Education Bachelor’s degree Work Experience in a Related Occupation None On-the-job Training None Number of Jobs, 2012 28,900 Job Outlook, 2012-22 19% (Faster than average) Employment Change, 2012-22 5,400...

Symbolism in Guy de Maupassant’s “The Necklace”

Hayley Hughes Professor Fowler English 1102 9 February 2013 Short Story Essay Guy de Maupassant’s short story â€Å"The Necklace† uses a diamond necklace to symbolize two different things. The first thing the necklace represents is that deceiving others will lead to one’s downfall. The necklace also symbolizes how the effects of greed can change a person. In the story, the reader sees the main character’s personal growth from beginning to end due to losing a diamond necklace.Mathilde Loisel’s life is turned upside down because she was materialistic, but by the end of the story Mathilde is wiser and more admirable. Mathilde changed in ways that could not have been possible had she not lost the necklace. The story opens with the beautiful Mathilde Loisel fantasizing about luxuries she and her husband cannot afford. When her husband comes home with an invitation to an exclusive party, she is upset because she does not have anything fancy to wear. Even after her husband gives her some money for a dress, she then complains about not having jewelry.Since she does not own any expensive jewlery, Mathilde goes to her friend Madame Forestier and borrows a diamond necklace. She absolutely loves the necklace and when she and her husband attend the party, everyone notices her and the necklace. After they return from the party, Mathilde is sees she has lost the necklace. However, instead of telling Madame Forestier that the necklace had been lost, Mathilde buys a replacement necklace worth 40,000 francs and gives that to her friend hoping she would not see the difference.She and her husband then spend the next ten years working to pay for the cost of the necklace only to find out that the original necklace had been a fake. Even though her hardship could have been avoided completely, Mathilde became a better person from of losing the necklace. The necklace is the main symbol in â€Å"The Necklace. † What is a symbol? According to Lite rature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, â€Å"a symbol is a substitute for the elements being signified,† (Roberts and Zweig, 382). The necklace could be considered a cultural symbol.A cultural symbol is universally recognized (Roberts and Zweig, 383). Out of all the jewelry Mathilde could have chosen, she chose the diamond necklace. Maupassant most likely chose a diamond necklace because people would recognize the gravity of the situation in the story; most people could understand the value of a diamond necklace as opposed to some of the other jewelry mentioned in the story, which makes the diamond necklace a cultural symbol. The necklace could also be considered a contextual symbol.Unlike a cultural symbol, a contextual symbol gets its meaning from the story (Roberts and Zweig, 383-384). In this story, the necklace represents the fact that appearances are not always what they seem and that the bitter truth of reality can lead to one’s downfall. Mathilde wants to wear a diamond necklace in order for people to think she is wealthier than she is. When she borrows it from Madame Forestier, who is wealthier than Mathilde, she has no reason to believe that the necklace is a fake.Because Mathilde thinks the diamonds as being real, she thinks that others will believe she is wealthy too. In deceiving others of her wealth, she essentially deceives herself. For example, when it is time for them to leave the party her husband gives her the shawl she brought; she does not want anyone to see her wearing the shawl because it reminded her that she was not wealthy and she did not want anyone to find out. She wants to live out this fantasy as long as she possibly can and runs outside with the shawl hoping no one will notice.When she loses the necklace, she is brought back to reality and must deal with the consequences. Instead of accepting her reality that she was not wealthy and being greedy, she set herself up for disaster. The necklace symbolizes gree d and how it can affect a person. In the beginning of the story, Mathilde is greedy. She pities herself for not being born into a wealthy family, claiming it was an â€Å"error of destiny,† (Maupassant, 200). She and her husband are most likely middle-class, but she is still unhappy with their financial status. Her husband, Mr. Loisel, is the exact opposite.He takes pleasure in the little things, even praising his wife’s beef stew while she daydreamed about the finest cuisines (Maupassant, 200). All he wants to do is please his wife, but Mathilde is never satisfied. It is because of her greed that she ends up borrowing the necklace in the first place. After losing the necklace and giving the replacement to her friend, not only had the Loisels’ lifestyle changed, but Mathilde also started to change. She had to do cleaning jobs to earn money, dressed in cheap clothes, and argued with food vendors about the price of their goods in order to save every penny.After th e ten years of hard labor, the story describes Mathilde as â€Å"the strong, hard, and rude woman of poor households,† (Maupassant, 204). Even though she still reminisced about the party, unlike before where she pitied herself for not being wealthy, now she contemplates what her life would be like had she not been so greedy in borrowing the necklace. She questions how something as small as a necklace could have such a big impact on her life saying â€Å"How little a thing it takes to destroy you or to save you,† (Maupassant, 204).The necklace both destroyed her and saved her. Even though she had to deal with ten long years of working to pay back the money, losing the necklace symbolizes Mathilde losing her greediness and gaining the knowledge that money does not lead to happiness. Works Cited Page De Maupassant, Guy. â€Å"The Necklace. † Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Roberts, Edgar V. , and Robert Zweig. 10th ed. Illinois: Pearson, 2012. 2 00-205. Print. Roberts, Edgar V. , and Robert Zweig. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. 10th ed. Illinois: Pearson, 2012. Print.

Juveniles rights to a jury Essay

There are very few states in the United States that extend the right to a jury of their peers for juveniles. Why shouldn’t juveniles be able to stand a trial with a jury of their peers? By law, minors are incapable of representing themselves or making decisions that are based on the current law presiding for the circumstances. Which basically means that juveniles are only children, children that don’t really know what responsibility or breaking the law is yet. Plus a juvenile’s record is private so if they stood in front of a jury then it wouldn’t be so private now would it? Also, juveniles aren’t convicted for the offenses they engage in, they are convicted for the delinquent actions as a minor. The two exceptions, that I myself have found, are either if the crime is serious enough to try the juvenile as an adult or, as said earlier, the state allows juveniles a trial in which a jury is present. I chose this reason because many people do not understand that juveniles are children, not adults. These days parents treat their children as adults so the children commit crimes as if they were an adult. That being said, people need to realize that juveniles are exactly that. Although they have been taught things about the community, the world, laws, right/wrong, and so forth, they haven’t actually lived to understand all these things so why should they be tried by a jury of peers that don’t understand that fact? This brings me to the next question, why do I believe there are differences in the adult and juvenile justice system and why do I believe so? The answer is basically what I’ve just stated in this whole discussion. Juveniles are children, children who hasn’t actually lived enough in this world to â€Å"know†. Adults â€Å"know better†. So does it make any sense to try people in the court of law whom don’t know any better the s ame as a person who does know?

Free Essays on Judicial Fairness

There are many aspects of the law that attempt to make a sure a jury or a judge is fair in handling legal matters. The Fifth and Fourteenth amendments provide that no person shall be deprived of â€Å"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.† The procedural due process aspect of this amendment requires that government decisions to deprive a person of life, liberty or property must be done fairly. The procedural due process law gives an accused person the chance to object to his accusation before a fair and neutral decision-making body. The Sixth amendment also guarantees rights for the Muslim defendants to a jury trial and to a public trial. Through our legal history, we have created legal methods and traditions to apply these freedoms in a court of law. In our legal system, the two main sources of neutral decision makers are juries and judges. The law has a way of ensuring that these bodies are neutral and unbiased in their decision-making. While it will be impossible to gain complete neutrality, the law provides mechanisms within which fairness can be maximized. The process of voir dire attempts to minimize the bias a jury can have. Voir dire is the process of jury selection, which takes place before a trial can begin. In this process the attorneys for the defendant and plaintiff ask a group of potential jurors questions to determine whether that jury member has any bias towards his or her client. In the context of Muslim and Arab-Americans, the attorney for the defendant can probe the prospective jurors on his or her sentiments towards Muslims and determine whether his or her feeling would bring a bias into her decision making process. If the attorney for a Muslim or Arab-American defendant instinctively feels that a juror is biased, the attorney is afforded by the legal system the peremptorily challenge. With a peremptorily challenge, an attorney can ask that a potential juror not be sworn in without pr... Free Essays on Judicial Fairness Free Essays on Judicial Fairness There are many aspects of the law that attempt to make a sure a jury or a judge is fair in handling legal matters. The Fifth and Fourteenth amendments provide that no person shall be deprived of â€Å"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.† The procedural due process aspect of this amendment requires that government decisions to deprive a person of life, liberty or property must be done fairly. The procedural due process law gives an accused person the chance to object to his accusation before a fair and neutral decision-making body. The Sixth amendment also guarantees rights for the Muslim defendants to a jury trial and to a public trial. Through our legal history, we have created legal methods and traditions to apply these freedoms in a court of law. In our legal system, the two main sources of neutral decision makers are juries and judges. The law has a way of ensuring that these bodies are neutral and unbiased in their decision-making. While it will be impossible to gain complete neutrality, the law provides mechanisms within which fairness can be maximized. The process of voir dire attempts to minimize the bias a jury can have. Voir dire is the process of jury selection, which takes place before a trial can begin. In this process the attorneys for the defendant and plaintiff ask a group of potential jurors questions to determine whether that jury member has any bias towards his or her client. In the context of Muslim and Arab-Americans, the attorney for the defendant can probe the prospective jurors on his or her sentiments towards Muslims and determine whether his or her feeling would bring a bias into her decision making process. If the attorney for a Muslim or Arab-American defendant instinctively feels that a juror is biased, the attorney is afforded by the legal system the peremptorily challenge. With a peremptorily challenge, an attorney can ask that a potential juror not be sworn in without pr...